Navigation for Environmental Protection

John Kemp

Abstract:	Compared with alternative modes of transport, ships are an environmentally friendly way of moving freight. However, ships can damage the maritime environment in many ways, including release of fuel or polluting cargo as a result of collisions or groundings, operational discharges of oil contaminated waste, dumping of garbage or untreated sewage, transport of alien species in ballast water, leaching of biocides from antifouling paint, air pollution from engine exhausts, disturbances of the sea bed and estuary banks from turbulence and wash effects, and physical damage to marine organisms such as striking whales or destroying coral formations. Many of these effects can be mitigated by the navigational techniques which are discussed in this paper.
Published in:	Proceedings of the IAIN World Congress and the 56th Annual Meeting of The Institute of Navigation (2000) June 26 - 28, 2000 The Catamaran Resort Hotel San Diego, CA
Pages:	189 - 194
Cite this article:	Kemp, John, "Navigation for Environmental Protection," Proceedings of the IAIN World Congress and the 56th Annual Meeting of The Institute of Navigation (2000), San Diego, CA, June 2000, pp. 189-194.
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