On-The-Fly GPS Kinematic Positioning for Measuring Squat and Trim of Large Ships

Yanrning Feng, Kurt Kubik, Sean O’Mahony

Abstract:	Knowing the effects of squat on large ships travelling in confined channels is of great concern to shipping operators. Defined as supplementary sinkage of a ship, relative to the water level and caused by the ship’s movements at a given speed, squat is a significant component of the Under Keel Clearance (UKC) allowance and is critical for maritime safety. This paper addresses the challenges of On-The-Fly GPS kinematic technique for measuring squat and trim of large passenger ships, as it is identified as the best solution in terms of accuracy and cost efficiency. On-board GPS data collection procedures, OTF data processing strategies and the algorithms used to calculate the squat and trim of the ship from GPS outputs and observed tidal information are presented. The results of an actual test that demonstrate achievable OTF capability for this application and give meaningful squat measurements are summarised.
Published in:	Proceedings of the 9th International Technical Meeting of the Satellite Division of The Institute of Navigation (ION GPS 1996) September 17 - 20, 1996 Kansas City, MO
Pages:	367 - 373
Cite this article:	Feng, Yanrning, Kubik, Kurt, O’Mahony, Sean, "On-The-Fly GPS Kinematic Positioning for Measuring Squat and Trim of Large Ships," Proceedings of the 9th International Technical Meeting of the Satellite Division of The Institute of Navigation (ION GPS 1996), Kansas City, MO, September 1996, pp. 367-373.
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