Maritime PNT Integrity Mapping Using AISDerived Kinematic Consistency Analysis

Sanghyeon Park, Pyo-Woong Son

Peer Reviewed

Abstract:	In maritime navigation, the automatic identification system (AIS) is a core system for vessel tracking, collision avoidance, and traffic management. Because AIS positions are derived from global navigation satellite system (GNSS) measurements, their reliability can degrade under GNSS interference, sensor failures, and communication anomalies, increasing uncertainty in maritime positioning, navigation, and timing (PNT). Existing AIS-based studies mainly focus on detecting anomalies along individual tracks and do not directly quantify regional navigation integrity. This paper proposes an AIS-to-map framework that converts large-scale AIS reports into a traffic-normalized regional maritime PNT integrity map using a maritime PNT integrity index (MPII). The framework proceeds in three stages. First, a rule-based diagnostic filter removes AIS-specific artifacts that could mimic GNSS degradation, including maritime mobile service identity (MMSI) duplication and stale-data retransmission, thereby reducing false positives due to communication-induced discontinuities. Second, a motion consistency filter based on an interacting multiple-model Kalman filter (IMM-KF) evaluates whether the remaining vessel trajectories are dynamically compatible with physically feasible motion models; epochs exhibiting physically implausible speed are flagged as motion-anomaly candidates. Third, the resulting anomalies are processed by a spatiotemporal density-based clustering algorithm (ST-DBSCAN) to identify regions with statistically significant concentrations of abnormal navigation behavior. For each spatial grid cell, MPII is computed as the ratio of anomalous vessel-days to local vessel-day traffic volume, producing a traffic-normalized integrity map. The framework is validated using approximately 960 million AIS messages collected in Korean coastal waters. The resulting integrity map highlights localized degradation in the South Sea south of Jeju Island and in the Yellow Sea around latitude 36°N, with the most severe hotspot confirmed by multi-vessel trajectory evidence, and demonstrates the potential of AIS-based integrity mapping for maritime risk assessment, GNSS performance monitoring, and future autonomous navigation support.
Published in:	Proceedings of the ION 2026 Pacific PNT Meeting April 13 - 16, 2026 Hilton Waikiki Beach Honolulu, Hawaii
Pages:	801 - 806
Cite this article:	Park, Sanghyeon, Son, Pyo-Woong, "Maritime PNT Integrity Mapping Using AISDerived Kinematic Consistency Analysis," Proceedings of the ION 2026 Pacific PNT Meeting, Honolulu, Hawaii, April 2026, pp. 801-806. https://doi.org/10.33012/2026.20612
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