Analysis of a Bayesian Optimized Multi-GNSS Synthetic Aperture Processing Under Challenging Signal Conditions

Mohamed, Bochkati, Jürgen Dampf, and Thomas Pany

Peer Reviewed

Abstract:	Deeply coupled GNSS/INS systems have been a central topic in navigation research (Pany et al., 2005; Lashley and Bevly, 2013), enhancing position velocity and time (PVT) availability in degraded global navigation satellite system (GNSS) environments through inertial sensor integration. Although robust to short-term radio frequency (RF) interference, these systems generally offer reduced positioning precision due to the absence of carrier-phase measurements (Teunissen and Montenbruck, 2017; Aboelmagd et al., 2012). Recent work, such as Dampf et al. (2025), introduced aided-phase locked loop (PLL) techniques to improve signal tracking under harsh conditions, enabling coherent integration times of up to 500 ms within the synthetic aperture processing (SAP) framework. This approach not only improves sensitivity but also enhances resilience against multipath. To effectively tune the system, we employed Bayesian optimization (BO) using Optuna (Akiba et al., 2019) on the TEX-CUP dataset, applying it to the SAP implementation as described in Dampf et al. (2025), which includes baseline 2D-root mean square (RMS) cumulative distribution function (CDF) performance metrics. The results indicate that the PLL’s Doppler aiding (DA) bandwidth is the most critical hyperparameter for improving sensitivity in our SAP implementation, while the beamforming interval plays a secondary role. The optimized MATLAB software receiver (MSRx) configuration achieved at least a 38% improvement in CDF performance over previously reported results.
Published in:	Proceedings of the 38th International Technical Meeting of the Satellite Division of The Institute of Navigation (ION GNSS+ 2025) September 8 - 12, 2025 Hilton Baltimore Inner Harbor Baltimore, Maryland
Pages:	2638 - 2647
Cite this article:	Mohamed,, Bochkati,, Dampf, Jürgen, Pany, Thomas, "Analysis of a Bayesian Optimized Multi-GNSS Synthetic Aperture Processing Under Challenging Signal Conditions," Proceedings of the 38th International Technical Meeting of the Satellite Division of The Institute of Navigation (ION GNSS+ 2025), Baltimore, Maryland, September 2025, pp. 2638-2647. https://doi.org/10.33012/2025.20430
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