Development of a Receiver-Agnostic and Real-Time Jamming and Spoofing Detection and Mitigation System

Wahyudin P. Syam, Nabeel Ali Khan, Michael Turner, Luis Enrique Aguado, Ben Wales, Lisa Guerriero, Baris Toz, Inchara Lakshminarayan, Tom Stacey, Maria Ivanovici, Terri Richardson

Peer Reviewed

Abstract:	GNSS has been providing global positioning, navigation and time (PNT) solutions for many application domains covering safety critical, liability critical and commercial applications. However, due to the relatively low-power signal around -128dBm (sensitive to jamming) and the openness of the signal structures (sensitive to spoofing), GNSS signals are vulnerable to jamming and spoofing attacks. These attacks significantly disrupt GNSS services by rendering them unavailable or generating invalid PNT solutions that might cause severe impacts on assets or users. Specifically for spoofing, with the growing capability and affordability of software-defined radio (SDR) and advanced algorithms, spoofing attacks have become more significant. This paper presents the development and demonstration of a receiver-agnostic and real-time signal cleaner system utilising innovative and efficient algorithms as well as advanced machine learning methods for jamming and spoofing detection and mitigation of GNSS signals. Results from testing campaigns are as follows. For jamming, the probability of jamming detection of the system is >0.98 with a false alarm rate of 0.0013 and 10-7 for chirp and CDMA interferences, respectively, for a jammer-to-noise ratio of 5 dB and above. For the low-powered chip jammer, the system can mitigate the jammer with up to a 5 dB C/N0 improvement. For spoofing, the detection accuracy achieved with the TEXBAT dataset is >99% for 2-class spoofing classification (authentic or spoofed) and around 97% for 3-class classification (authentic, non-aligned spoofed, aligned spoofed). The false alarm rate of the spoofing detector is 0.009 for a clean-sky clean signal and 0.015 for an urban authentic signal with heavy multipath impairments. The spoofing mitigation results show a reduction in static position error by up to 70% while also improving the duration of position availability. In conclusion, we have demonstrated that the developed real-time and receiver-agnostic jamming and spoofing detection and mitigation system is effective on real-world data. The system has been validated using a professional (commercial) GNSS receiver.
Published in:	Proceedings of the 38th International Technical Meeting of the Satellite Division of The Institute of Navigation (ION GNSS+ 2025) September 8 - 12, 2025 Hilton Baltimore Inner Harbor Baltimore, Maryland
Pages:	2603 - 2619
Cite this article:	Syam, Wahyudin P., Khan, Nabeel Ali, Turner, Michael, Aguado, Luis Enrique, Wales, Ben, Guerriero, Lisa, Toz, Baris, Lakshminarayan, Inchara, Stacey, Tom, Ivanovici, Maria, Richardson, Terri, "Development of a Receiver-Agnostic and Real-Time Jamming and Spoofing Detection and Mitigation System," Proceedings of the 38th International Technical Meeting of the Satellite Division of The Institute of Navigation (ION GNSS+ 2025), Baltimore, Maryland, September 2025, pp. 2603-2619. https://doi.org/10.33012/2025.20428
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