Blind Multi-Vehicle GNSS Spoofing Detection with Extended Baselines

Dawson Beatty, Mark L. Psiaki

Abstract:	An existing spoofing detection method is extended to scenarios with distributed receivers on separate vehicles. Large baselines enable collaboration across vehicles, creating a virtual phased array even when each vehicle has only one antenna. Direction-of-arrival ambiguities that emerge at large baselines are analyzed, with attention to their impact on false alarms and detection reliability. Monte Carlo analyses are employed to establish practical detection thresholds and assess performance across operating conditions. Detection performance initially degrades as baseline distance increases, but stabilizes once separation exceeds approximately two carrier wavelengths. Monte Carlo methods prove effective for threshold selection, and reference thresholds are tabulated for varying numbers of signals and antennas.
Published in:	Proceedings of the 38th International Technical Meeting of the Satellite Division of The Institute of Navigation (ION GNSS+ 2025) September 8 - 12, 2025 Hilton Baltimore Inner Harbor Baltimore, Maryland
Pages:	2222 - 2238
Cite this article:	Beatty, Dawson, Psiaki, Mark L., "Blind Multi-Vehicle GNSS Spoofing Detection with Extended Baselines," Proceedings of the 38th International Technical Meeting of the Satellite Division of The Institute of Navigation (ION GNSS+ 2025), Baltimore, Maryland, September 2025, pp. 2222-2238. https://doi.org/10.33012/2025.20287
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