Protection Levels Against Spoofing Using Dual Antennas: A Practical Approach

Juan Blanch, Sherman Lo, Yu-Hsuan Chen, Anargyros Kriezis, Todd Walter

Peer Reviewed

Abstract:	In our previous work, we described a test statistic and a method to determine GNSS protection levels using dual antennas under spoofing conditions. We evaluated these protection levels with real GNSS measurements affected by actual spoofing events. The test statistic is easy to compute and appears to be quite sensitive to the presence of spoofing. The method to compute a protection level (which accounts for all possible capture hypotheses), represented, to our knowledge, the first attempt to rigorously evaluate integrity in the presence of spoofing. However, the method as described in [6] was very computationally expensive and it does not fully exploit the properties of the carrier phase measurements. To address these points, in this work we generalize the method to unknown platform orientations, we reduce the computational power associated to the protection level calculation, and we show the potential of integer nature of the ambiguities to improve the power of the detection test.
Published in:	Proceedings of the 38th International Technical Meeting of the Satellite Division of The Institute of Navigation (ION GNSS+ 2025) September 8 - 12, 2025 Hilton Baltimore Inner Harbor Baltimore, Maryland
Pages:	1511 - 1523
Cite this article:	Blanch, Juan, Lo, Sherman, Chen, Yu-Hsuan, Kriezis, Anargyros, Walter, Todd, "Protection Levels Against Spoofing Using Dual Antennas: A Practical Approach," Proceedings of the 38th International Technical Meeting of the Satellite Division of The Institute of Navigation (ION GNSS+ 2025), Baltimore, Maryland, September 2025, pp. 1511-1523. https://doi.org/10.33012/2025.20246
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