Wi-Fi RTT Range Offset and Multi-Band Analysis: Challenges and Opportunities for Indoor Localization

Sultan Al Sulami, Tarig Ballal, Muhammad Moinuddin, and Tareq Al-Naffouri

Peer Reviewed

Abstract:	Indoor localization has emerged as a critical research area, driven by the growing need for accurate positioning in environments where Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS) are unavailable. Wi-Fi Round-Trip Time (RTT) has shown promise for precise indoor positioning, but the presence of systematic offsets across frequency bands poses significant challenges to its accuracy and reliability. These offsets, arise with factors such as device heterogeneity, multipath propagation, and environmental interference, not only degrade RTT performance but also complicate its integration with RTT multi-band and other measurement sources . This study presents a comprehensive analysis of RTT range offset across the 2.4 GHz, 5 GHz, and 6 GHz frequency bands, identifying it as limiting factor in achieving high-precision indoor positioning. Furthermore, we investigate the potential of multi-band fusion to mitigate these offsets and explore the associated challenges in realizing accurate localization systems. Our findings offer insights into integration of RTT-multi-band to overcome the practical limitations of RTT technology. Index Terms—RTT, Multi-Band Fusion, Calibration Models, Wi-Fi 6 GHz band
Published in:	2025 IEEE/ION Position, Location and Navigation Symposium (PLANS) April 28 - 1, 2025 Salt Lake Marriott Downtown at City Creek Salt Lake City, UT
Pages:	998 - 1006
Cite this article:	Sulami, Sultan Al, Ballal, Tarig, Moinuddin, Muhammad, Al-Naffouri, Tareq, "Wi-Fi RTT Range Offset and Multi-Band Analysis: Challenges and Opportunities for Indoor Localization," 2025 IEEE/ION Position, Location and Navigation Symposium (PLANS), Salt Lake City, UT, April 2025, pp. 998-1006.
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