Analysis of Time-Diverse Doppler-only LEO PNT

Megan O. Moore, Mark L. Psiaki, and R. Michael Buehrer

Peer Reviewed

Abstract:	Due to concerns over GNSS jamming and spoofing, this paper considers time-diverse Doppler-only positioning as an alternative to GNSS. Without the use of time-diversity the Doppler-only positioning solution requires at least eight satellites to be in view simultaneously and discards previous Doppler measurements. In cases where fewer than eight satellites are available, using Doppler measurements from multiple points in time allows a complete solution to be determined. In cases where eight or more are available, using additional time-samples can further improve positioning accuracy. This work further analyzes batch-filter and Kalman filter solutions proposed in prior work and proposes the use of the Backwards Smoothing Extended Kalman filter (BSEKF) to solve the positioning problem. Index Terms—low-Earth orbit, Doppler positioning
Published in:	2025 IEEE/ION Position, Location and Navigation Symposium (PLANS) April 28 - 1, 2025 Salt Lake Marriott Downtown at City Creek Salt Lake City, UT
Pages:	782 - 787
Cite this article:	Moore, Megan O., Psiaki, Mark L., Buehrer, R. Michael, "Analysis of Time-Diverse Doppler-only LEO PNT," 2025 IEEE/ION Position, Location and Navigation Symposium (PLANS), Salt Lake City, UT, April 2025, pp. 782-787.
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