Measuring Multipole Moments of the CPT Density Matrix Under Optical Field Polarization-Modulation Conditions

Zachary Warren and James Camparo

Abstract:	Chip-scale atomic clocks (CSACs) based on Coherent Population Trapping (CPT) are at the forefront of next-generation timekeeping for diverse applications, including global navigation satellite systems (GNSS), satellite communications, cellphone networks, and hand-held GNSS receivers. Notwithstanding the potential ubiquity of this atomic device, a performancelimiting aspect of CSACs is the vapor-phase signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) of their ground-state (mF = 0 to mF = 0) atomic hyperfine resonance. Specifically, in commercially available devices angular-momentum optical pumping “pushes” atomic population towards high |mF| Zeeman sublevels at the expense of population in the 0-0 clock transition. Though mitigation strategies for this SNR limiting process have been proposed and demonstrated there has, to date, been little direct measurement of the population distribution among Zeeman sub-states for atoms undergoing CPT, and how that population distribution is altered by SNR-improving mitigation strategies. Here, we describe our initial studies examining this question.
Published in:	Proceedings of the 53rd Annual Precise Time and Time Interval Systems and Applications Meeting January 25 - 27, 2022 Hyatt Regency Long Beach Long Beach, California
Pages:	80 - 86
Cite this article:	Warren, Zachary, Camparo, James, "Measuring Multipole Moments of the CPT Density Matrix Under Optical Field Polarization-Modulation Conditions," Proceedings of the 53rd Annual Precise Time and Time Interval Systems and Applications Meeting, Long Beach, California, January 2022, pp. 80-86. https://doi.org/10.33012/2022.18275
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