Microfabricated Atomic Clocks at NIST

S. Knappe, P. D. D. Schwindt, V. Gerginov, V. Shah, L. Hollberg, J. Kitching, L. Liew, J. Moreland

Abstract:	This paper presents the latest progress in the development, fabrication, and characterization of microfabricated atomic frequency references at NIST. With volumes below 10 mm3 the physics packages contain the complete integrated assembly for probing the ground-state hyperfine splitting frequency of the alkali atoms by coherent population trapping (CPT). This technique allows for a simple and compact device containing a vertical-cavity surface-emitting laser (VCSEL), optics to shape the laser beam, a vapor cell containing the atoms, and a detector. We present an improved technique for microfabricating the miniature alkali vapor cells. When integrated into a CPT clock, a clear reduction of long-term frequency drifts is observed. This leads to a fractional frequency instability of less than 10-11 at one hour of integration, a more than one order of magnitude improvement over previous results. We identify the remaining sensitivities of the clock frequency to environmental influences and propose ways to reduce them.
Published in:	Proceedings of the 36th Annual Precise Time and Time Interval Systems and Applications Meeting December 7 - 9, 2004 Hyatt Regency Washington on Capitol Hill Washington, D.C.
Pages:	383 - 392
Cite this article:	Knappe, S., Schwindt, P. D. D., Gerginov, V., Shah, V., Hollberg, L., Kitching, J., Liew, L., Moreland, J., "Microfabricated Atomic Clocks at NIST," Proceedings of the 36th Annual Precise Time and Time Interval Systems and Applications Meeting, Washington, D.C., December 2004, pp. 383-392.
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