Precise Time and Time Interval (PTTI)

PTTI Keynote Address

The Future of Industrial Atomic Clocks
Dr. David R. Scherer, The MITRE Corporation

PTTI Session Topics

Advances in ps and Sub-ps Timing Measurements
Precise timing capability with ps and sub-ps resolution is increasingly important for applications across many different scientific fields. Ps and sub-ps timing are now a critical requirement for development of next generation particle detectors on high energy colliders, next generation medical imaging including time-of-flight and CT scanners, optical two-way time transfer systems (ground–ground, ground–space, space–space), optical clock comparisons, autonomous vehicle navigation systems and high-speed communication networks. This session will present talks on advances in ps and sub-ps timing measurements and techniques.
Session Chairs:
Dr. Franklin Ascarrunz, SpectraDynamics
Bryan Owings, Microchip

Detection and Countering Jamming and Spoofing of Timing Services
Possible solutions to the jamming and spoofing threat to critical infrastructure include: 1) Making GNSS receivers more resilient and robust by improved hardware and more robust software algorithms with the aim of improving the resiliency of timing products against all forms of intentional and unintentional tampering. 2) Services to counter spoofing of GNSS signals are being introduced by GNSS operators (Navigation Message Authentication for the Open Service, Chips-Message Robust Authentication, CHIMERA, and the Commercial Authentication Service). 3) The possibility of using a large number of satellites in low-Earth orbits to transmit time information. The signals from these satellites will be much stronger than the signals from GNSS satellites so that jamming and spoofing is more difficult. This session will focus on stand-alone techniques and algorithms to counter spoofing and jamming of satellite-based time distribution thereby, increasing the reliability and robustness of time dissemination.
Session Chairs:
Dr. Judah Levine, NIST
Dr. Edoardo Detoma, Italy

Network Synchronization Technologies for Science and Infrastructure – Authentication and Certification of Time Services
Network synchronization technologies such as NTP, PTP and White Rabbit are increasingly being deployed by national laboratories to provide accurate, UTC traceable time signals to critical infrastructure systems, as well as supporting metrological and scientific applications. The accurate, secure, and resilient time signals provided by PTP/White Rabbit can complement time services from GNSS. They can also help meet increasing industrial requirements for authenticated time stamps and certified time services. This session will cover these technologies, focusing on new developments and their applications.
Session Chairs:
Dr. Elizabeth Laier English, National Physical Laboratory, UK
Michael Lombardi, NIST

Optical- Clocks, -Combs and Fundamental Physics 
The future of precision timekeeping will include a redefinition of the second based on optical atomic clocks, and this is contingent of the development of new clocks based on a variety of atoms or ions. It includes detailed studies of physical properties on atomic scale, cooling mechanisms of the particles and frequency conversion from optical to microwave frequencies using optical frequency combs. This session will present talks that highlight recent results on the details that will enable future clocks, all the way to full scale implementations.
Session Chairs:
Dr. David Leibrandt, NIST
Dr. Per Olof Hedekvist, RISE Research Institutes of Sweden, Sweden

Present and Future Clocks for Space and Terrestrial Applications
The heart of any timekeeping system, whether for navigation or communication or some other application, is the clock.  Today, we fly atomic clocks on navigation and communication satellites; we control those onboard devices with more precise clocks at the ground-control stations, and system users will often employ chip-scale clocks to better interface with a timekeeping system. Clearly, tomorrow’s space and terrestrial systems will require ever more precise clocks with lower size/weight/power (SWaP) characteristics. In this session, we consider all forms of clock (e.g., atomic, MEMS, crystal oscillator) in their advanced present form, and their potential future form, for applications in space and on the Earth.
Session Chairs:
Dr. James Camparo, The Aerospace Corporation
Ryan Dupuis, Excelitas

Reports from Laboratories that Contribute to the Community need of Time and Frequency
The opportunity for time and frequency laboratories, including those operated by National Metrology Institutes (NMIs), military, scientific and academic organizations, to highlight their current and future PTTI activities. Topics to include UTC(k) generation, and performance, time dissemination, time services, calibration and specific PTTI measurements supporting a wide range of scientific activities. The effects of the global pandemic on laboratories and their operations would also be of interest to this session.
Session Chairs:
Dr. Michael Coleman, Naval Research Laboratory
Angela McKinley, US Naval Observatory

Space-based Time and Frequency Transfer – Established and Emerging
One-way time and frequency transfer from GNSS is the dominant global method for military, civilian, and critical national infrastructure. However, because of the increasing potential for adverse action to deny or deceive GNSS signals, an emerging range of complementary and alternative space-based systems, both two-way and one-way, are under development. Several of these emerging time and frequency systems take advantage of the new thrust in massively proliferated low-earth orbit space architectures, while some look to still utilize higher orbits. This session will present talks discussing this evolving state of space-based time and frequency transfer.
Session Chairs:
Travis Driskell, L3Harris Technologies
Greg Weaver, JHU/APL

Terrestrial and Space Based Optical Links and Sensors
Without the benefit of radio space-borne assets like GNSS for common-view observations or geo-stationary satellites for signal relay, time and frequency transfer requires a terrestrial exchange of physical signals. We focus on high-performance techniques involving optical networks, optical signals over free-space or fiber optics, optic sensors and space-based optical links.
Session Chairs:
Dr. Fabrizio Giorgetta, NIST
Dr. Jeff Sherman, NIST

Towards 6G: Frequency Sources and Related Components in the Submm-wave Range (100 GHz to 1.5 THz)
Today’s modern society is based on access to information, which entails a continuously increasing need for higher data rates. One access point to information is the 5th Generation (5G) cellular networks that is using spectrum from sub-6 to mm-wave which provide up to G bits/s speed. There is a continuous development and the next generation access points are developed before the previous generation is fully operational. The work with the 6th Generation (6G) networks entails higher carrier frequency, submm-wave (Teraherz, THz).  Another emerging technology to transmit data is UWB, or Ultra-Wide Band.  UWB provides for high bandwidth communication between multiple users as an alternative to legacy systems.  This session is focusing on the potential frequency sources of submm-wave such as solid state, laser, optical comb, frequency synthesis, injection locked, etc., also including their calibration methods and related components.
Session Chairs:
Shinn-Yan (Calvin) Lin, Chunghwa Telecom, Taiwan
Peter Cash, Microchip

Atomic Clocks
New advances and plans for microwave atomic clocks and/or related measurement techniques with PTTI applications. The primary focus is atomic clock design and performance in the areas of stability, operability, and robustness to environmental disturbances.
Session Chairs:
James Camparo, The Aerospace Corporation
Ryan Dupuis, Excelitas Technologies

Present and Emerging Applications and Techniques for Time and Frequency using GNSS/RNSS/LEO and Optics
The landscape of GNSS and RNSS are evolving with an increasing number of systems, which have expanded the opportunities for innovations in time and frequency transfer and also changed the complexity of the analysis. Submissions in the areas of time and frequency transfer that utilize any of the GNSS/RNSS systems, or a combination thereof, as well as pioneering advances in timing are encouraged. This session will present talks discussing the current and evolving state of space-based time & frequency transfer encompassing GNSS, RNSS enhanced by LEO systems or systems considering even higher orbits.
Session Chairs:
Dr. Joerg Hahn, ESA/ESTEC, Netherlands
Dr. Per Olof Hedekvist, RISE Research Institutes of Sweden, Sweden

PTTI Afternoon Tutorials

Session Chair:
Dr. David R Scherer, The MITRE Corporation

PTTI Morning Tutorials

Session Chair:
Dr. David R Scherer, The MITRE Corporation

Timescales, Algorithms, and Timing Services
Analysis, description and implementation of old and new timescale and frequency scale algorithms involving primary/secondary frequency standards, optical frequency standards, optical cavities, low-cost clocks, and/or low-SWAP clocks such as CSACs.  The generation and steering of UTC, UTC(k), and GNSS timescales. The optimization of time and frequency scales for specific purposes.  Algorithms and methods that advance the state of the art in clock data analysis and their applications, such as use of Kalman filters.   The applicability and use of new or old statistical measures, and novel processing of measurement data to reduce the measurement noise in timescales.
Session Chairs:
Dr. Jian Yao, NIST
Dr. Demetrios Matsakis, Masterclock

International Technical Meeting (ITM)

ITM Keynote Address

Prof. Alexandre Bayen, Director of the Institute for Transportation Studies
University of California Berkeley

ITM Sessions

GNSS and Security: Interference, Jamming, and Spoofing
Techniques to make GNSS more robust to spoofing, jamming, and interference in general, through signal processing, complementary PNT,  authentication, or other means. Applications in robust positioning and secure time transfer. Threat modeling, assessment and mitigation. Integrity and continuity implications of security measures.  Analysis of GNSS disruption events.
Session Chairs:
Fabian Rothmaier, Stanford University
Barbara Clark, Federal Aviation Administration

GNSS Integrity and Augmentation
Fault monitoring, fault detection and exclusion, protection level algorithms and requirements for receiver-based integrity, ground-based, space-based and aircraft-based augmentation. Challenges in the provision of integrity in multi-frequency / multi-constellation services. Applications include navigation for civil aviation, automotive, UAVs, rail, maritime and other transportation applications.
Session Chairs:
Dr. Ilaria Martini, Rhea, Belgium
Dr. Michael Felux, Zurich University of Applied Sciences, Switzerland

Navigation of Unmanned Aerial Vehicles and Other Autonomous Systems
Advanced positioning and navigation algorithms for novel sensors, sensor fusion, and signals of opportunity. Algorithms and methods for high-performance applications using low-cost sensors. Derivation of multi-sensor system navigation performance requirements.  New approaches for dealing with delayed and out-of-sequence measurements. Sensor fault detection and exclusion.
Session Chairs:
Dr. Jiwon Seo, Yonsei University, South Korea
Dr. Akshay Shetty, Stanford University

Precise GNSS Positioning
New algorithms and methods for improving Precise Point Positioning (PPP), Real-Time Kinematic (RTK) and other precise positioning techniques (e.g. PPP-RTK, network-RTK). Multi-constellation solutions using single-/multi-frequency high-cost and low-cost receivers/antennas, including smartphones. PPP with Integer Ambiguity Resolution (IAR).  Methods and algorithms for reliable outlier detection. Estimation of corrections relevant for PPP-RTK (or PPP-IAR), such as fractional phase biases, satellite orbits and clocks, atmospheric delays and differential code biases. Interoperability of correction services with different user equipment.
Session Chairs:
Dr. Sandra Verhagen, Delft University of Technology, The Netherlands
Dr. Safoora Zaminpardaz, RMIT University, Australia

Remote Sensing, Atmospheric Effects, and Space Weather
Modeling of ionospheric and tropospheric effects on navigation. Use of GNSS in atmospheric and space weather science.  Scientific applications of GNSS. Forecasting, now-casting.
Session Chairs:
Dr. Ningchao Wang, Hampton University
Dr. Larry Sparks, Jet Propulsion Laboratory

Safety-critical Applications of GNSS and Other Sensors
Navigation system design and analysis for safety-critical applications of GNSS and other sensors. Topics include: integrity monitoring for filtered solutions, antenna and receiver hardware, data collection and analysis techniques including sorting and clustering, and development of statistical models for measurement and process noise for use in safety-critical navigation algorithms.
Session Chairs:
Dr. Mihaela-Simona Circiu, ESA/ESTEC, The Netherlands
Dr. Steven Langel, The MITRE Corporation

Lunar Navigation and Time 1
Accurate navigation and time knowledge in the lunar environment are paramount with the burgeoning number of vehicles and crew planned for cislunar space or the lunar surface. This session will address navigation and time sensing and observables, modeling, measurement and estimation algorithms and processing techniques, system design, and analysis for lunar applications. Interest topics include diverse sensor data fusion techniques; estimation, modeling, lunar reference frame and associated cartographic products; precise time and frequency reference management and synchronization for lunar-centric systems; and applicability to autonomous operations.
Session Chairs:
Cheryl Gramling, NASA Goddard
Erin Fowler, Johns Hopkins University/APL

Lunar Navigation and Time 2

Session Chairs:
Cheryl Gramling, NASA / Goddard Space Flight Center
Erin Fowler , Johns Hopkins University/APL

Navigation in GNSS Challenged Environments
Navigation in GNSS-denied/challenged environments.  Sensing, perception, and map building in ground vehicle operations. Guidance, navigation, and control (GNC) systems for autonomous or semi-autonomous vehicles. Sensing for visual interfaces of driver-assistance systems. Requirements for ground vehicle GNC systems. Validation and verification of ground vehicle GNC systems. Algorithms and tools for global path planning and local obstacle avoidance.
Session Chairs:
Dr. Cagatay Tanil, Amazon Prime Air
Dr. Victoria Kropp, BMW, Germany

Radionavigation Beyond Medium Earth Orbit GNSS
Going beyond signals from Medium Earth Orbit (MEO) GNSS, this session examines alternate and novel radionavigation signals and techniques to support the demands of modern navigation systems. Signals of opportunity include cellular (e.g., LTE and 5G) and communications satellite signals  (e.g., low Earth orbit (LEO) Mega Constellations). Navigational aids include terrestrial ultra-wideband (UWB) technologies, modern Wi-Fi protocols,  near-field communication (NFC) devices, and emerging LEO-based satellite time and location services. Combining these sources to demonstrate PNT accuracy, integrity, and robustness, particularly for mission and safety-critical applications including automated vehicles (AVs) and intelligent transportation systems (ITS). Space Navigation.
Session Chairs:
Dr. Zak Kassas, University of California Irvine
Dr. Tyler Reid, Xona Space Systems

Receiver Design, Signal Processing, and Antennas
GNSS receiver signal processing techniques, especially for operations in challenging environments like indoor, urban canyons, foliage, scintillation or high-dynamics. Improved acquisition and tracking sensitivity, robustness and accuracy. Mitigation of multipath and NLOS signals. Use of multiple GNSS signals including new GNSS signals.  Antenna design and evaluation.
Session Chairs:
Dr. Sabrina Ugazio, Ohio University
Ajay Vemuru, Spirent Communications, UK

Sensor Fusion
Fusion of measurements from multiple sensors, data, and information sources. Estimation theories, algorithms, data processing techniques, test methods, and results of new implementations integrating diverse sensors such as GNSS, inertial sensors, odometers, magnetometers, radar, LiDAR, cameras, barometers, maps, signals of opportunity, infrared, ultrasound sensors, etc.  Topics of interest include context-awareness based integration, collaborative approaches such as methods enabled by connected vehicle and infrastructure aided methods, etc.
Session Chairs:
Dr. Melania Susi, European Commission JRC, Italy
Dr. Li-Ta Hsu, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, China